Smith, Nicole
Smith, Nicole
A Christian Mannes Bileeve
- Year: 2005
- Publisher / Date: Universitats Verlag, 2021
'A Christian Mannes Bileeve' (CMB) is a vernacular prose commentary on the Apostles' Creed likely composed in the first half of the fourteenth century. It has received little attention and has not previously been published. Growing out of a tradition of commentaries on the Creed, the CMB is the longest and most substantial of the four known Middle English versions. In the CMB, each article of faith is given in Latin with a paraphrase in Middle English followed by a detailed explanation. It is this feature that makes the CMB distinctive; the explanations include Latin and English lyric poetry, scriptural verse, exempla, and a range of material drawn from Latin theological writers such as Augustine, Gregory the Great, Bernard of Clairvaux, and Bonaventure. The CMB was of particular interest to women; of the four manuscripts, three are known to have been in the possession of aristocratic laywomen and female religious communities. In its introduction, this volume discusses the manuscripts and their provenance, language and localization, date and context of the CMB, and the lyrics that are embedded in the text. The edited text is supported by an apparatus of variant readings, commentary, and a glossary, followed by a bibliography.
Sartorial Strategies: Outfitting Aristocrats and Fashioning Conduct in Late Medieval Literature
- Year: 2005
- Publisher / Date: University of Notre Dame Press, 2012
Costume historians and literary critics have sharpened understandings of dress as it constructs bodies and identities, but none has considered how representations of clothing in medieval literature respond to clerical discourses that sought to regulate contemporary aristocratic fashion. In Sartorial Strategies: Outfitting Aristocrats and Fashioning Conduct in Late Medieval Literature, Nicole D. Smith establishes that writers of romances redirect the negative depictions of the courtly body found in clerical chronicles and penitential writings into positive images that convey virtue.
Smith structures her book around two key moments in fashion history: the transformation of expensive attire by lacing, knotting, and belting in the twelfth century and by form-fitting tailoring in the fourteenth. She selects two literary texts in French from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries—Marie de France’s Guigemar and Heldris of Cornuälle’s Roman de Silence — and two in English from the fourteenth century — Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Chaucer’s The Parson’s Tale —for analysis in light of these changes in fashion.
While religious and political documents decried the immorality inherent in sumptuous clothing and attempted to restrain the behavior of individuals wearing stylish garments, the literature selected by Smith reimagines fashion-savvy aristocrats as models of morally sound behavior in a pedagogical program advanced not by preachers but by poets. Smith argues that each poet responds directly to the accusations of religious narratives that luxurious garments hinder the soul. Smith also offers original readings of lesser-known penitential guides, such as the Clensyng of Mannes Sowle and the Memoriale Credencium, thus illustrating an extensive conversation between romance and penitential guides.